{"id":1205,"date":"2024-08-24T17:43:45","date_gmt":"2024-08-24T17:43:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/?page_id=1205"},"modified":"2024-08-24T17:48:15","modified_gmt":"2024-08-24T17:48:15","slug":"useful-linux-commands","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/?page_id=1205","title":{"rendered":"Useful Linux Commands"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Usefull Linux Commands Every New Leaner Needs To Know<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Basics<\/strong><\/p>

File Hierarchy Standard (FHS)<\/strong><\/p>

Path<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Content<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

\/bin<\/p><\/td>

Binaries (User)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/boot<\/p><\/td>

Static boot loader files<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/etc<\/p><\/td>

Host specific configs<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/lib<\/p><\/td>

Shared libraries and kernel modules<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/sbin<\/p><\/td>

Binaries (System\/root)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/var<\/p><\/td>

Varying files (e.g. Logs)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/usr<\/p><\/td>

3rd party software<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/proc<\/p><\/td>

Pseudo file system<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/sys<\/p><\/td>

Pseudo file system<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/mnt<\/p><\/td>

Mountpoint for internal drives<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/media<\/p><\/td>

Mountpoint for external drives<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/home<\/p><\/td>

User homes<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\/run<\/p><\/td>

PID files of running processes<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Commands<\/strong><\/p>

File System Commands<\/strong><\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

cd<\/p><\/td>

–<\/p><\/td>

Navigate to last dir<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

~<\/p><\/td>

Navigate to home<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

~username<\/p><\/td>

Navigate to home of specified user<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pwd<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Print working dir<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

ls<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Print dir content<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-l<\/p><\/td>

Format as list<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-a<\/p><\/td>

Show hidden items (-A\u00a0without\u00a0.\u00a0and\u00a0..)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-r<\/p><\/td>

Invert order<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-R<\/p><\/td>

Recurse<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-S<\/p><\/td>

Sort by size<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-t<\/p><\/td>

Sort by date modified<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

mkdir<\/p><\/td>

-p<\/p><\/td>

Create dir with parents<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

cp<\/p><\/td>

-r<\/p><\/td>

Copy dir<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

rmdir<\/p><\/td>

-p<\/p><\/td>

Remove dir and empty parents<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

rm<\/p><\/td>

-rf<\/p><\/td>

Remove dir recursively,\u00a0-f\u00a0without confirmation<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

mv<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Move recursively<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

find<\/p><\/td>

-iname pattern<\/p><\/td>

Search dir\/file case-insensitive<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-mmin n<\/p><\/td>

Last modified n minutes ago<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-mtime n<\/p><\/td>

Last modified n days ago<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-regex pattern<\/p><\/td>

Path matches pattern<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-size n[kMG]<\/p><\/td>

By file size (-n\u00a0less than;\u00a0+n\u00a0greater than)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

! searchparams<\/p><\/td>

Invert search<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

File Manipulation<\/strong><\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

cat<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Print content<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

tac<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Print content inverted<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

sort<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Print sorted<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

file -r -u<\/p><\/td>

Print sorted descending without dublicates<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

head<\/p><\/td>

-n10 file<\/p><\/td>

Print lines 5-10<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

tail<\/p><\/td>

-f file<\/p><\/td>

Print new lines automatically<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

cut<\/p><\/td>

-f -4,7-10,12,15- file<\/p><\/td>

Print selected fields (tab delimited)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-c -4,7-10,12,15- file<\/p><\/td>

Print selected characters positions<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-f 2,4 -d, –output-delimiter=$’\\t’ file<\/p><\/td>

Change delimiter (but use tab for output)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

uniq<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Hide consecutive identical lines<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

file -c<\/p><\/td>

Show consecutive identical line count<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

file -u<\/p><\/td>

Hide consecutive identical lines<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

file<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Get file type<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

wc<\/p><\/td>

file<\/p><\/td>

Count Lines, Words, Chars (Bytes)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Archiving<\/strong><\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

tar<\/p><\/td>

cfv archiv.tar file1 file2<\/p><\/td>

Create archive \/ add or overwrite content<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

tfv archiv.tar<\/p><\/td>

Show content<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

xf archiv.tar [-C ~\/extracted]<\/p><\/td>

Extract (and decompress) archive (to ~ \/ extracted)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

cfvj archiv.tar.bz2 file<\/p><\/td>

Create bzip2 compressed archive<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

cfvz archiv.tar.gz file<\/p><\/td>

Create gzip compressed archive<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

cfa archiv.tar.[komp] file<\/p><\/td>

create compressed archive (auto type based on name)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

bzip2<\/p><\/td>

file1 file2<\/p><\/td>

Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-d file1 file2<\/p><\/td>

Compress files (one at a time)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

gzip<\/p><\/td>

file1 file2<\/p><\/td>

Dateien (einzeln) komprimieren<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-d file1 file2<\/p><\/td>

Decompress files<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Disk and File System Management<\/strong><\/p>

General Disk Manipulation (non-LVM)<\/strong><\/p>

Creating physical partitions is\u00a0not required<\/strong>! You can create PVs directly!<\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

fdisk<\/p><\/td>

-l<\/p><\/td>

List physical disks and partitions<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/sdb
n<\/p><\/td>

Create new partition<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/sdb
t
8e<\/p><\/td>

Change partition type to\u00a0Linux LVM<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

mkfs.xfs<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Format LV with XFS<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

mkfs.ext4<\/p><\/td>

-f \/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Format LV with EXT4 (overwrite)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

blkid<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Show UUID and formatting of volume<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

mount<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Show current mounted file systems<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-t ext4 \/dev\/myVG\/myVol \/mountpoint<\/p><\/td>

Mount LV to \/mountpoint<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-a<\/p><\/td>

Mount as configured in \/etc\/fstab<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

umount<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Unmount a file system<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Unmount LV from \/mountpoint<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

\/mountpoint<\/p><\/td>

Unmount LV from \/mountpoint<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

df<\/p><\/td>

\u2013<\/p><\/td>

Show disk usage<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

xfs_growfs<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Resize xfs filesystem<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

resize2fs<\/p><\/td>

\/dev\/myVG\/myVol<\/p><\/td>

Resize ext3\/4 filesystem<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Other<\/strong><\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

<command><\/p><\/td>

–help<\/p><\/td>

Help of current command (not standardized)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-h<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-?<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

man<\/p><\/td>

<command><\/p><\/td>

Manual page of command<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-k keyword<\/p><\/td>

Search command by keyword (oder\u00a0apropos)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

alias<\/p><\/td>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Show aliases<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

name=’befehl’<\/p><\/td>

Create alias<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Globs (Wildcards)<\/strong><\/p>

The dot\u00a0.\u00a0in front of hidden items is ignored by glob patterns!<\/p>

Character<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

?<\/p><\/td>

Any single character<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

*<\/p><\/td>

Any characters<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

[ac-e]<\/p><\/td>

1 character in enum<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

[!ac-e]<\/p><\/td>

1 character not in enum<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Regex<\/strong><\/p>

Bash itself does not know regex. Use programs like\u00a0grep,\u00a0sed,\u00a0awk.<\/p>

Control characters<\/strong><\/p>

Character<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

.<\/p><\/td>

Any single character<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

[ac-e]<\/p><\/td>

1 character in enum<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

[^ac-e]<\/p><\/td>

1 character not in enum<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

^<\/p><\/td>

Start of string<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

$<\/p><\/td>

End of string<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\d<\/p><\/td>

Digit<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\D<\/p><\/td>

Not a digit<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\s<\/p><\/td>

Whitespace<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\S<\/p><\/td>

Not a Whitespace<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\<<\/p><\/td>

Start of word<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\\><\/p><\/td>

End of word<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern?<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier 0 or 1<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern*<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier 0..n<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern+<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier 1..n<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern{x}<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier exactly x<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern{x,}<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier x..n<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern{x,y}<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier x..y<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

pattern{,y}<\/p><\/td>

Quantifier 0..y<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Grep<\/strong><\/p>

Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

grep<\/p><\/td>

pattern file<\/p><\/td>

Extended Regex<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-E pattern file<\/p><\/td>

Extended Regex<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-v pattern file<\/p><\/td>

Invert match<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-w pattern file<\/p><\/td>

Word match<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

-i pattern file<\/p><\/td>

Ignore case<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Stream redirection<\/strong><\/p>

  • >\u00a0overwrite<\/li>
  • >>\u00a0append<\/li><\/ul>

    Character<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    > file\u00a0or\u00a01> file<\/p><\/td>

    STDOUT to file<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    < file<\/p><\/td>

    Datei to STDIN<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    2> file<\/p><\/td>

    STDERR to file<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    2>&1<\/p><\/td>

    STDERR to same target as STDOUT<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    > file 2>&1<\/p><\/td>

    STDOUT and STDERR to file<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    Text Readers & Editors<\/strong><\/p>

    Less<\/strong><\/p>

    Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    q<\/p><\/td>

    Quit<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    R<\/p><\/td>

    Refresh content<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    F<\/p><\/td>

    Auto scroll<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    g number<\/p><\/td>

    Go to line<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    m lowercaseLetter<\/p><\/td>

    Mark line<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    ‘ lowercaseLetter<\/p><\/td>

    Go to mark<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    \/pattern<\/p><\/td>

    Search forward<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    ?pattern<\/p><\/td>

    Search backward<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    n<\/p><\/td>

    Next search result<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    N<\/p><\/td>

    Last search result<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    ESC u<\/p><\/td>

    Remove highlighting from search<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    VI<\/strong><\/p>

    VI\/VIM Editing<\/strong><\/p>

    To leave editing mode press\u00a0ESC.<\/p>

    Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    i<\/p><\/td>

    insert before cursor<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    a<\/p><\/td>

    insert after cursor<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    A<\/p><\/td>

    insert at end of line<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    o<\/p><\/td>

    new line below<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    O<\/p><\/td>

    new line above<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    u<\/p><\/td>

    undo<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    .<\/p><\/td>

    repeat last command<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    yy<\/p><\/td>

    copy line<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    5yy<\/p><\/td>

    copy 5 lines<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    p<\/p><\/td>

    paste below<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    P<\/p><\/td>

    paste above<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    x<\/p><\/td>

    delete character<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    5x<\/p><\/td>

    delete 5 characters<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    dd<\/p><\/td>

    delete line<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    5dd<\/p><\/td>

    delete 5 lines<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :10,20d<\/p><\/td>

    delete lines 10-20<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    d0<\/p><\/td>

    delete to line begin<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    d$<\/p><\/td>

    delete to line end<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    Navigation<\/strong><\/p>

    Navigate as usual with\u00a0arrow keys,\u00a0home,\u00a0end,\u00a0pg up,\u00a0pg dn.<\/p>

    Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    5G<\/p><\/td>

    go to line 5<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    H<\/p><\/td>

    go to top of screen<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    M<\/p><\/td>

    go to middle of screen<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    L<\/p><\/td>

    go to end of screen<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    5w<\/p><\/td>

    move over 7 words<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    5b<\/p><\/td>

    move back 5 words<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    Other<\/strong><\/p>

    Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    \/foo<\/p><\/td>

    search forward<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    ?foo<\/p><\/td>

    search backwards<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    n<\/p><\/td>

    repeat search<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :w<\/p><\/td>

    save<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :q<\/p><\/td>

    close<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :wq<\/p><\/td>

    save and close<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :q!<\/p><\/td>

    close without saving<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :!command<\/p><\/td>

    run bash command<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    :r foo<\/p><\/td>

    read file foo into this file<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    User and Group Management<\/strong><\/p>

    UID<\/strong><\/p>

    UID<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Type<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    <1000<\/p><\/td>

    system account<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

    >1000<\/p><\/td>

    user account<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    User Database<\/strong><\/p>

    User info without passwords is stored in\u00a0\/etc\/passwd.<\/p>

    username<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    PW<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    UID<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    GID<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    GECOS<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    HOME<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    SHELL<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    hfict<\/p><\/td>

    x<\/p><\/td>

    1000<\/p><\/td>

    1000<\/p><\/td>

    \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

    \/home\/hfict<\/p><\/td>

    \/bin\/bash<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    Group Database<\/strong><\/p>

    Group info with secondary group members are stored in\u00a0\/etc\/group. Primary group members are identified by GID in user database.<\/p>

    groupname<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    PW<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    GID<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Users<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    wheel<\/p><\/td>

    x<\/p><\/td>

    10<\/p><\/td>

    hfict,user2<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    Password Database<\/strong><\/p>

    Hashed user passwords are stored in\u00a0\/etc\/shadow. Password encryption is configured in\u00a0\/etc\/login.defs.<\/p>

    username<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    PW<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Last PW change<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Minimum<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Maximum<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Warn<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Inactive<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

    Expire<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

    hfict<\/p><\/td>

    [hash]<\/p><\/td>

    17803<\/p><\/td>

    0<\/p><\/td>

    99999<\/p><\/td>

    7<\/p><\/td>

    \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

    \u00a0<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

    PW:<\/p>

    • [hash]\u00a0Encrypted test password<\/li>
    • ! [hash]\u00a0Account locked<\/li>
    • !!\u00a0or\u00a0*\u00a0Account locked, no password set<\/li><\/ul>

      Commands<\/strong><\/p>

      Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Param<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

      Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

      id<\/p><\/td>

      username<\/p><\/td>

      Show a user\u2019s ID and groups<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      who<\/p><\/td>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      Show logged in users<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      last<\/p><\/td>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      Show last logins<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      lastb<\/p><\/td>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      Show last failed logins<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      sudo<\/p><\/td>

      -u user command<\/p><\/td>

      Execute command with user rights (default is root)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -i\u00a0or\u00a0su –<\/p><\/td>

      Shell with root rights<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      su<\/p><\/td>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      Shell as root (non-login shell)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      –<\/p><\/td>

      Shell as root (login shell)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      – user<\/p><\/td>

      Shell as user<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      useradd<\/p><\/td>

      -u 2101 -g primarygroup -c comment username<\/p><\/td>

      Create user (without\u00a0-g, new group will be created)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      usermod<\/p><\/td>

      -G group1, group2<\/p><\/td>

      Define (overwrite) secondary groups<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -ag group, group2<\/p><\/td>

      Add secondary groups<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -l username<\/p><\/td>

      Change username<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -L<\/p><\/td>

      Lock Account<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -U<\/p><\/td>

      Unlock Account<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

      -s shellpath<\/p><\/td>

      Change shell<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      userdel<\/p><\/td>

      -r username<\/p><\/td>

      Delete user including home and mail spool<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      passwd<\/p><\/td>

      username<\/p><\/td>

      Change password (interactive)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      groupadd<\/p><\/td>

      groupname<\/p><\/td>

      Create group (optionally set GID with\u00a0-g)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

      groupdel<\/p><\/td>

      groupname<\/p><\/td>

      Delete group<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

      File System Permissions<\/strong><\/p>

      Permissions can be set on:<\/p>

      • User (owner)<\/li>
      • Group (owner)<\/li>
      • Others<\/li><\/ul>

        Only root can change\u00a0User<\/em>.\u00a0User<\/em>\u00a0can change\u00a0Group<\/em>.<\/p>

        Basic permissions (Add binary flags to combine):<\/p>

        Char<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Binary Flag<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Permission<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

        r<\/p><\/td>

        4<\/p><\/td>

        read<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        w<\/p><\/td>

        2<\/p><\/td>

        write<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        x<\/p><\/td>

        1<\/p><\/td>

        execute<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

        Advanced permissions (place in front of basic permissions:\u00a0chmod 1777 shared).:<\/p>

        Char<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Binary Flag<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Name<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

        t \/ T<\/p><\/td>

        1<\/p><\/td>

        Sticky Bit<\/p><\/td>

        Others<\/em>\u00a0can\u2019t delete content (only applicable for directories)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        s \/ S<\/p><\/td>

        2<\/p><\/td>

        SGID-Bit<\/p><\/td>

        File: run with permissions of\u00a0Group<\/em>
        Dir: New elements inherit\u00a0Group<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        s \/ S<\/p><\/td>

        4<\/p><\/td>

        SUID-Bit<\/p><\/td>

        File is run with permissions of\u00a0User<\/em>\u00a0(only applicable for files)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

        Advanced permissions replace the\u00a0x<\/strong>\u00a0when using\u00a0ls -l. Lower case if\u00a0x<\/strong>\u00a0is set, upper case if\u00a0x<\/strong>\u00a0is not set.<\/p>

        Read<\/em>\u00a0permission on a directory only allows to see the directory itself but not it\u2019s contents. Use\u00a0execute<\/em>\u00a0permission to show contents.<\/p>

        Commands<\/strong><\/p>

        Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Options<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

        chmod<\/p><\/td>

        -R [uog] dirname<\/p><\/td>

        Set permissions recursively using binary flags<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        +[suog] filename<\/p><\/td>

        Add permissions using binary flags<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        -[suog] filename<\/p><\/td>

        Remove permissions using binary flags<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        u+x filename<\/p><\/td>

        Add\u00a0execute<\/em>\u00a0permission for\u00a0User<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        g+wx filename<\/p><\/td>

        Add\u00a0write<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0execute<\/em>\u00a0permissions for\u00a0Group<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        o-r filename<\/p><\/td>

        Remove\u00a0read<\/em>\u00a0permission for\u00a0Others<\/em><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        chown<\/p><\/td>

        -R user:group filename<\/p><\/td>

        Change owner (User<\/em>\u00a0&\u00a0Group<\/em>) recursively<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        user filename<\/p><\/td>

        Change owner (User<\/em>)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        :group filename<\/p><\/td>

        Change owner (Group<\/em>)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        chgroup<\/p><\/td>

        group filename<\/p><\/td>

        Change owner (Group<\/em>)<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

        SSH<\/strong><\/p>

        SSH Configuration is done in\u00a0\/etc\/ssh\/sshd_config.<\/p>

        Reload SSH service with\u00a0systemctl reload sshd\u00a0to apply changes!<\/p>

        DenyUsers, AllowUsers, DenyGroups, AllowGroups override each other and are applied in the order listed above.<\/p>

        Config<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Option<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

        Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

        PermitRootLogin<\/p><\/td>

        no<\/p><\/td>

        Deny root to login via SSH<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        yes<\/p><\/td>

        Allow root to login via SSH<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        \u00a0<\/p><\/td>

        without-password<\/p><\/td>

        Allow only with private\/public key auth<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        AllowUsers<\/p><\/td>

        user1 user2<\/p><\/td>

        Allow only user1 and user2<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        DenyUsers<\/p><\/td>

        user1 user2<\/p><\/td>

        Allow all users but user1 and user2<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        AllowGroups<\/p><\/td>

        group1 group2<\/p><\/td>

        Allow only users from specified groups<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

        DenyGroups<\/p><\/td>

        group1 group2<\/p><\/td>

        Allow all users but those in specified groups<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

        Cronjobs<\/strong><\/p>

        Crontab<\/p>

        Cronjobs are configured in crontab files. Do not edit these files directly. Use\u00a0crontab -e\u00a0instead. This runs all required actions to activate a cronjob after saving the edited crontab. The locations are as follows:<\/p>

        • \/var\/spool\/cron\/username\u00a0user specific<\/li>
        • \/etc\/crontab\u00a0system wide crontab<\/li><\/ul>

          The format of the files is (user specific crontabs\u00a0do not<\/strong>\u00a0have the column\u00a0user-name<\/em>):<\/p>

          Example of job definition:<\/p>

          .—————- minute (0 – 59 | *\/5 [every 5 minutes])<\/p>

          |\u00a0 .————- hour (0 – 23)<\/p>

          |\u00a0 |\u00a0 .———- day of month (1 – 31)<\/p>

          |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |\u00a0 .——- month (1 – 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr …<\/p>

          |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |\u00a0 .—- day of week (0 – 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat<\/p>

          |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |\u00a0 |<\/p>

          *\u00a0 *\u00a0 *\u00a0 *\u00a0 * user-name\u00a0 command to be executed<\/p>

          \u00a0<\/p>

          Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

          Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

          rpm -q cronie<\/p><\/td>

          Check if package is installed<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

          systemctl status crond.service<\/p><\/td>

          Check if service is running<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

          crontab -l<\/p><\/td>

          List current users crontab<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

          crontab -e<\/p><\/td>

          Edit current users crontab<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

          crontab -e -u username<\/p><\/td>

          Edit specific users crontab<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

          crontab -r<\/p><\/td>

          Remove current users crontab<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

          Script folders<\/strong><\/p>

          Scripts in one of the following directories will be executed at the interval specified by the directory\u2019s name:<\/p>

          • \/etc\/cron.hourly<\/li>
          • \/etc\/cron.daily<\/li>
          • \/etc\/cron.weekly<\/li>
          • \/etc\/cron.monthly<\/li><\/ul>

            Allow \/ Deny usage<\/strong><\/p>

            Add user names one per line to the following files:<\/p>

            • \/etc\/cron.allow\u00a0Whitelist<\/li>
            • \/etc\/cron.deny\u00a0Blacklist<\/li><\/ul>

              If none of the files exists, all users are allowed.<\/p>

              Logs and Results<\/strong><\/p>

              Execution of cronjobs is logged in\u00a0\/var\/log\/cron. Results are sent to the users mail\u00a0\/var\/spool\/mail\/username.<\/p>

              Package Management<\/strong><\/p>

              RPM<\/strong><\/p>

              RPM<\/p>

              Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

              Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

              rpm -i rpmfile|rpmurl<\/p><\/td>

              Install package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -e packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Uninstall package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -q packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Check if package is installed<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -ql packagename<\/p><\/td>

              List files in a package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -qa<\/p><\/td>

              List all installed packages<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -qf \/path\/to\/file<\/p><\/td>

              Get package that installed the file<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -qf $(which <exe>)<\/p><\/td>

              Get package that installed the executable<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              rpm -V packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Validate installed package<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

              YUM<\/strong><\/p>

              YUM is configured in\u00a0\/etc\/yum.conf<\/p>

              Repos are configured in\u00a0\/etc\/yum.repos.d\/<\/p>

              Log is in\u00a0\/var\/log\/yum.log<\/p>

              Command<\/strong><\/p><\/td>

              Description<\/strong><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>

              yum install packagename [-y]<\/p><\/td>

              Install package (-y\u00a0no confirm message)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum remove packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Uninstall package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum update<\/p><\/td>

              Update all installed packages<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum update packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Update specific package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum update pattern*<\/p><\/td>

              Update packages using wildcard<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum info packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Get detailed info about package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum list packagename<\/p><\/td>

              List installed and available packages<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum search searchstring<\/p><\/td>

              search for a package (name & summary)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum search all searchstring<\/p><\/td>

              search for a package (all infos)<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum deplist packagename<\/p><\/td>

              List dependencies of a package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yum reinstall packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Reinstall (corrupted) package<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

              yumdownloader –resolve packagename<\/p><\/td>

              Download rpm package with dependencies<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

              Directory Navigation<\/strong><\/p>

              • cd \u2013 change working directory<\/li>
              • ls- list directory contents<\/li>
              • dir- directory listing, columnar format<\/li>
              • pwd- return working directory name<\/li>
              • tree- list subdirectories in a tree structure<\/li><\/ul>

                File Commands<\/strong><\/p>

                • cat\/tac- concatenate and print files<\/li>
                • diff\/sdiff- compare files line by line<\/li>
                • find- search for files<\/li>
                • grep- file pattern matcher<\/li>
                • head- display the first lines of a file<\/li>
                • locate- find files and directories<\/li>
                • stat- display file status<\/li>
                • tail- display the last lines of a file<\/li>
                • unique- report or filter out repeated lines in a file<\/li><\/ul>

                  File and Directory Manipulation<\/strong><\/p>

                  • awk- pattern-directed scanning and processing language<\/li>
                  • chmod- change permissions<\/li>
                  • chown- change file owner and group<\/li>
                  • cp- copy files and directories<\/li>
                  • cut- remove sections from files<\/li>
                  • mkdir- make a new directory<\/li>
                  • mv- move files and directories<\/li>
                  • nano- text editor<\/li>
                  • rm- delete files and directories<\/li>
                  • rmdir- remove directory<\/li>
                  • paste- merge corresponding or subsequent lines of file<\/li>
                  • rsync- remote copy files<\/li>
                  • scp- secure copy<\/li>
                  • basename- strips directory information and suffixes from file path<\/li>
                  • sed- text transformation tool<\/li>
                  • sort- arrange or merge lines of files<\/li>
                  • split- split a file into pieces<\/li>
                  • touch- change file access and modification times<\/li>
                  • vim- text editor<\/li><\/ul>

                    Package archive and compression tools<\/strong><\/p>

                    • bzip2- block-sorting file compressor<\/li>
                    • gzip- compression tool<\/li>
                    • gunzip- decompression tool<\/li>
                    • tar- create, extract and manipulate archives<\/li>
                    • zip- package and compress files<\/li>
                    • unzip- list, test, extract compressed ZIP files<\/li><\/ul>

                      System commands<\/strong><\/p>

                      • crontab- maintain individual tables used to drive the cron daemon<\/li>
                      • df- display free disk space<\/li>
                      • du- display disk usage statistics<\/li>
                      • free- show memory usage information<\/li>
                      • hostname- set or print name of current host system<\/li>
                      • hostnamectl- change hostname settings<\/li>
                      • ionice- get\/set I\/O process priority<\/li>
                      • iostat- I\/O statistics<\/li>
                      • kill- terminate or signal a process by id<\/li>
                      • killall- kill processes by name<\/li>
                      • lsblk- display block and loop devices<\/li>
                      • lsof- list open files<\/li>
                      • mpstat- CPU statistics<\/li>
                      • ncdu- curses-based disk usage<\/li>
                      • ps- display process status<\/li>
                      • pstree- show processes in tree format<\/li>
                      • reboot- restart the system<\/li>
                      • service- run an init script<\/li>
                      • shutdown- close down the system at a specific time<\/li>
                      • top\/htop- display process information<\/li>
                      • uname- prints operating system details<\/li>
                      • useradd- add\/update user accounts<\/li>
                      • userdel- delete user account<\/li>
                      • usermod- modify user properties<\/li>
                      • vmstat- virtual memory statistics<\/li>
                      • whereis- locate programs<\/li><\/ul>

                        Networking Commands<\/strong><\/p>

                        • dig- DNS lookup utility<\/li>
                        • ifconfig- configure network interface parameters<\/li>
                        • ip- perform network administration tasks<\/li>
                        • iptable- configure IPv4 network firewall<\/li>
                        • lscpu- display CPU architecture information<\/li>
                        • netstat- show network status<\/li>
                        • ping- check network connectivity<\/li>
                        • whois- information about Internet domain names and network numbers<\/li><\/ul>

                          Package Management<\/strong><\/p>

                          • apt- Debian package management<\/li>
                          • rpm- RPM package manager (RedHat)<\/li>
                          • yum- package manager for RedHat Linux<\/li><\/ul>

                            User Information commands<\/strong><\/p>

                            For user modification, see useradd, userdel, usermod under System commands<\/p>

                            • groups- show group memberships<\/li>
                            • finger- shows information about users<\/li>
                            • last- displays most recent user logins<\/li>
                            • passwd- modify a user\u2019s password<\/li>
                            • w- display who is logged in and what they are doing<\/li>
                            • who- display who is logged in<\/li>
                            • whoami- display effective user id<\/li><\/ul>

                              Session commands<\/strong><\/p>

                              • clear- clear terminal screen<\/li>
                              • env- display environment variables, or set variables for command execution<\/li>
                              • exit- close the active session\/shell<\/li>
                              • printenv- print specified environment variables<\/li>
                              • history- display the command history<\/li>
                              • login- login and initiate a user session<\/li>
                              • nohup- invoke a utility immune to hangups<\/li>
                              • sleep- suspend execution for a time interval<\/li>
                              • ssh- secure shell login<\/li>
                              • su- substitute user identity<\/li>
                              • sudo- execute a command as another user<\/li>
                              • screen- start a screen session<\/li><\/ul>

                                Getting Help<\/strong><\/p>

                                • man- format and display online manual pages<\/li>
                                • help- displays help about basic commands not covered by \u2018man\u2019<\/li>
                                • whatis- display one-line command descriptions<\/li><\/ul>

                                  Applications<\/strong><\/p>

                                  • bc- basic calculator<\/li>
                                  • cal- displays a calendar<\/li>
                                  • cmatrix- enter the Matrix<\/li>
                                  • curl- transfer data to or from a server<\/li>
                                  • echo- display interpreted arguments<\/li>
                                  • factor- prints prime factors of numbers<\/li>
                                  • printf- format output<\/li>
                                  • sl- runs a steam locomotive across your terminal<\/li>
                                  • wget- non-interactive web file download<\/li>
                                  • xargs- construct argument lists and execute utility<\/li>
                                  • yes- print continous output stream<\/li>
                                  • banner- Writes ASCII character strings in large letters to standard output.<\/li>
                                  • aplay- aplay is a command-line to play audio files.<\/li>
                                  • spd-say- plays the given text as the sound from the command line.<\/li><\/ul>

                                    \u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                    Usefull Linux Commands Every New Leaner Needs To Know Basics File Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Path Content \/bin Binaries (User) \/boot Static boot loader files \/etc Host specific configs \/lib Shared libraries and kernel modules \/sbin Binaries (System\/root) \/var Varying files (e.g. Logs) \/usr 3rd party software \/proc Pseudo file system \/sys Pseudo file system \/mnt […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1205","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1205"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1219,"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1205\/revisions\/1219"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/winlincloud.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1205"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}